Fork me on GitHub

24 Nov 2011

Fear & loathing in functional testing land

As projects grow the two things I’ve repeatedly found to be particularly painful have been functional testing and data fixtures. I might write up some thoughts on data fixtures another time but what follows is a brain-dump of my troubled relationship with functional testing.

Disclaimers: I have more questions than answers and I’m completely open to the idea that I’m doing it all wrong. I’m not trying to diss any tool or technique here. I have spent a lot of time over the last few years writing functional test coverage so I think I at least have some perspective on the issues if no clue how to solve them.

When I say functional testing I mean in the Grails sense of an end-to-end test via the browser. Some people are quite resistant to writing such tests and whilst I agree that as much testing as possible should be done at as low a level as possible there are certain things that really only can be tested in that way. I’m also a big fan of the GOOS approach of working outside in; starting with a (failing) functional test that defines the desired behaviour in a user-centric way and building in to the low-level implementation with its unit tests then back out to watch the original end-to-end test (hopefully) pass.

Why is functional testing difficult?

Test development cadence

The main issue I find when constructing functional tests is what I’ll call the test development cadence; that is the time it takes to go round the loop (and sub-loops) of

  1. write a bit of test
  2. watch it fail
  3. write some code to make it work
  4. watch it still fail
  5. figure out if your expectation is wrong or your code doesn’t work
  6. fix it
  7. repeat last 3 steps n times
  8. watch it pass
  9. celebrate

With a unit test that time is typically fast, a keystroke in an IDE and the results are available in at most a couple of seconds. Functional tests are considerably slower. Even assuming you can optimise so that the application is running and you can run the test from an IDE then Selenium has to start up a browser instance, queries execute, views need to render, etc. In the worst case you’re switching to the terminal and using grails test-app functional: Blarg or equivalent then waiting for the webapp to start up before the test can even start to run and shut down again before the report is generated.

A slow test development cadence leads to distraction (checking Twitter, making coffee, getting drawn into a discussion of the finer points of mixing an old fashioned, etc.) and distraction leads to context-switching which slows things still further.

Test diagnostics

GOOS makes a great point about the importance of test diagnostics suggesting that the TDD mantra of “red, green, refactor” should be replaced with “red, decent diagnostics, green, refactor”. When a test breaks, especially one someone else wrote (or that I wrote more than a week ago and have consequently lost all recollection of), I want to be able to see what’s broken without re-running the test with added logging or resorting to a debugger. Testing further from the browser hurts diagnostics as you can’t see what’s not working and so have to rely solely on the quality of your assertion output. That’s not an easy thing to get right. Geb’s output when a waitFor condition fails is just Condition did not pass in x seconds. Even with direct assertions and nice power assert output its not always clear whether the functionality didn’t work or the expectation is incorrect. Selenese is by no means great in this regard (a humble Condition timed out isn’t much help) but at least you can step back with the Selenium IDE and watch the damn thing not working much more easily.

Bad test diagnostics coupled with a slow test development cadence make for a horrible experience.

The quest for the functional testing holy grail

The most productive I’ve ever been when writing functional tests has been when using Selenium IDE. That’s quite an admission for someone who’s spent a considerable amount of time & energy over the last few years trying to find or build something better!

The test development cadence is fast. Really fast. When you’re writing tests with Selenium IDE (and I do mean write them, I’ve almost never used the recording functionality) the app is running, the browser is running and you can execute the test, a portion of the test or an individual command very quickly. You can step through the test, set breakpoints, etc. When using a framework like Grails that lets you make changes to the app without restarting you can rock along pretty rapidly.

That said, the downsides are not inconsiderable:

  • Abstraction is typically poor; you’re dealing with fine details of page structure (DOM element ids, CSS selectors) and copy ‘n pasting sequences of commands that would in a sane world be defined as functions or macros. You can write custom JavaScript commands but with considerable limitations such as the fact that any wait for x step must be the last thing the command does. Lack of abstraction means lack of maintainability. As the project goes on any change in page rendering probably means picking apart a bunch of tests that fail not because the functionality they are testing has stopped working but because the implementation of that functionality has changed.
  • Atomicity is difficult. Because each test probably requires a few lines of setup it’s tempting for developers to add new assertions to an existing test. This violates the principle of having a single (logical) assertion per test. Part of the problem I think is that with Java, Groovy, Ruby, etc. each file can contain multiple tests whereas with Selenese each file is a single test script. The right thing to do is to have lots of small Selenese test files but it’s tempting to fall into the trap of munging tests together into the testing equivalent of a run-on sentence. One of the worst side-effects of this is that as a test suite grows it becomes really hard to identify where certain features are tested and to find redundancy or obsolete tests.

Despite these significant failings writing tests in Selenium IDE is very effective. Maintaining a suite of such tests is another matter. Working on a long-running project the failings of Selenese tests start to increase logarithmically. The reason I created the Grails Selenium RC plugin was to try to build something I could use in future projects that would combat the failings of Selenese. I wanted to use a ‘real’ language with selection and iteration and to be able to build a robust abstraction so that tests are not dealing with the fine details of page markup. Geb is another step along this road. It provides a nice way of defining page objects and modules and handles things like tracking which page class is the ‘current’ one and how and when that should change.

What do I want from a functional testing tool/language?

I’m convinced that the goal of writing tests in the same language as the application is a pretty vapid one. Working inside one’s comfort zone is all very well but too many times I’ve seen things tested using Selenium or Geb that would be better tested with a unit-level JavaScript test. I’m guilty of this myself. I’m a better Groovy coder than I am a JavaScript coder so it’s easy initially to break out a new Geb spec than a new Jasmine spec. Functional testing tools are really bad at testing fine-grained JavaScript behaviour, though. These sort of tests are really flaky, false negatives are a fact of life. They’re wastefully slow as well. JavaScript unit tests are fast, faster than Groovy unit tests. As a Grails developer I’ve looked enviously at how fast tests run in Rails apps but that’s nothing compared to watching a couple of hundred Jasmine tests run in under a second. To get back to the point, I have no problem with writing my functional tests in something other than Groovy if I can hit my goals of productivity and maintainability.

I was at one time convinced that the ability to use loops and conditional statements in Groovy made it a more suitable testing language than Selenese but honestly, how often are such constructs really required for tests? The The single most essential thing for a maintainable suite of functional tests is the ability to create a decent abstraction. Without that you’ll be building brittle tests that fail when the implementation changes 100 times more often than they fail because the functionality they’re testing is actually broken.

Abstraction is key

The abstraction layer needs to be powerful but simple. I’ve seen test suites crippled by badly written page object models and I’m starting to feel that the whole idea is too formalized. Building Geb content definitions with deeply nested layers of Module types is time consuming & difficult. With Selenium RC there’s not even the page transition logic Geb provides so you end up having to write that as well (probably getting it wrong or implementing it in several different ways in different places).

I can’t help thinking the page object model approach is coming at the problem from the wrong angle. Instead of abstracting the UI shouldn’t we be abstracting the behaviour? After all the goal is to have tests that describe how users interact with the application rather than how the various components that make up the application relate to one another. I’d rather have a rusty toolbox of lightweight macros and UI module definitions than a glittering palace of a page component model that I find awkward to use, extend or change. The abstraction has to be there - when I change the implementation I don’t want to spend half a day finding and fixing 100 subtly different CSS selectors scattered throughout the tests - but I don’t think it has to be particularly deep.

Where do I go from here?

A better Selenese?

An interesting possibility for creating better Selenese tests is the UI-Element extension library that allows a UI abstraction layer to be built on top of Selenese. It also introduces the concept of rollup rules (paramaterized macros) that are a more powerful way of abstracting command sequences than custom Selenese commands. From what I’ve seen the tool support in Selenium IDE looks impressive too. I need an opportunity to use UI-Element seriously but it certainly appears promising.

The most impressive Selenium extension I’ve seen is Steve Cresswell’s Natural Language Extensions that layers something like JBehave’s feature definition language on top of Selenese. Energized Work used this on a couple of projects (unfortunately not ones I was involved with) and I’ve heard great stories of how it enabled really rich cooperation between developers, QA and project stakeholders. I was pleasantly surprised with how simple the underlying code appeared to be given the radical difference in the test language.

Other options?

The tools I really need to look into are:

  • Cucumber which syntactically looks like the answer to my prayers. I want to see how fast the test development cadence is. Since there’s now a pure JVM implementation I really have no excuse for not getting up to speed with it pronto.
  • FuncUnit is much lower level and I’m not sure how easy it would be to build an effective abstraction layer that kept the tests readable and maintainable but it’s fast and runs right in the browser which are potentially compelling advantages.

161 comments:

Luke Daley said...

I wrote a comment to this, but it turned out too long to post here (the limit on comments is 4096 chars here).

I ended up posting on my blog, here.

Luke Daley said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Eliot Sykes said...

I'm having fun at the moment writing functional tests/features in Cucumber on a couple of *small* Rails apps. Because of the size of these apps and the fact I haven't tried the JVM version I don't know how much value my ramblings about Cucumber brings here...

So I've tried Cucumber with and without a Page Object pattern, and my current feelings are it is fine without Page Objects so long as you split your step definition files smartly (by domain class works well so far).

I'm finding a big part of the delight and ease of use Cucumber has come from 1) using Capybara with Cucumber and 2) Intellij's debugger just works with Cucumber (for Ruby, don't know about JVM).

Capybara allows you to plug in different browsers (including a headless webkit browser) to drive your tests and it has a nice language for interacting with the GUI via CSS and XPath locators. The speed of developing features with it feels like its in the same league as Selenium IDE.

I've thought about how Cucumber would scale up on a big project, and my guess is that if you're smart about how you group the scenarios in your feature files, you would be able to avoid or spot test coverage duplication easier than with Selenese on a large project.

A few popular ruby testing libraries (e.g. email_spec, factory_girl) have cucumber support baked in and so adoption is made that much easier/enticing.

Be interested to hear your thoughts on Cucumber once you've given it a go.

Alex Kochnev said...

I started adding my own comment to this but similarly to Luke Daley's comment it turned out be WA-A-AY to long for a comment. Hence the blog post at http://akochnev.blogspot.com/2011/12/ad-hockery-functional-testing-ui.html

Alex Kochnev said...

I also wholeheartedly agree w/ the significant value that Selenium-IDE brings to the table. We initially started w/ Geb on our new project; however, after a few passes at trying to have a "Geb Console" environment and not coming up w/ something workable, we ended up moving towards a more selenium-centric page object based approach. Thus, when people write tests, they can use S-IDE to write a few commands at a time, translate them into our custom Groovy test cases and verify that the selectors that they want to use in the page objects would work the way they're supposed to.

The Geb setup, although sexy at first sight, ended up being quite sticky (e.g. how to you make sure that the jquery-like locators in Geb would give me the expected elements)

Unknown said...

I was having a chat with my friend who is a beginner in testing. He was sharing his problem with me on how to initiate testing. Although there are many books and articles on theories and concepts of testing but there is no help or information available on how to start testing and how a tester should proceed with the same. This is one excellent article you put together.

also if you do not mind here is another article which talks about the basic steps of functional testing:

Basic steps of Functional Testing

Hope this will also help.

Thanks
Dave

Bella Tran said...

I think this is one of the most interesting articles I’ve read on this subject
juegos kizi | happywheels | juegos kizi | agar io | agario | my little pony | fireboy and watergirl 4

Unknown said...

شركة عزل اسطح بالدمام
شركة عزل اسطح بالخبر
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالخبر
شركة كشف تسربات المياة بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات المياة بالخبر
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالدمام
شركة تنظيف مجالس بالخبر
شركة تنظيف سجاد بالدمام
شركة تنظيف سجاد بالخبر
شركة تنظيف بالدمام
شركة تنظيف بالخبر
شركة تسليك مجاري بالدمام
شركة تسليك مجاري بالخبر









Unknown said...


I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article.
super smash flash 2 | super smash flash 2 unblocked | super smash flash

Karl Morish said...

Awesome write-up. I’m a regular visitor of your blog and appreciate you taking the time to maintain the excellent blog. I will be a regular visitor for a long time.

Ipl 2017 Teams Squad
Ipl 2017 Ceremony
Ipl 2017 Captains
Ipl 2017 Cricbuzz

bloxorz said...

I enjoyed on reading your blog post. Your blog has a lot of useful information for me, I got good ideas from this great blog. I'm always looking for this type of blog post.
usps tracking

Hari Jack said...

Thanks for the informations you shared!! I hope you will continue to have similar posts to share with everyone!
slither io

pupubaba said...

I love all the posts, I really enjoyed, I would like more information about this, because it is very nice. Vietnam Visa

Gramy said...


I really really appreciate this article Thanks For Sharing People also like this
How to Block Game Requests on Facebook Awesome post

شركة تنظيف ومكافحة الحشرات said...


شركة تنظيف بالدمام
شركة تسليك مجارى بالدمام
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالدمام
شركة عزل اسطح بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
شركة نقل عفش بالرياض
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالدمام
شركة تنظيف بالخفجى

شركة تنسيق حدائق بالدمام
شركة كشف تسربات المياة بالرياض

alicetaylor123 said...

I enjoyed over read your blog post. Your blog have nice information, I got good ideas from this amazing blog. I am always searching like this type blog post. I hope I will see again

http://lennyfacetext.com

Admin said...

mother's day 2018 and
Happy mothers day and
Happy mothers day and
Happy mothers day images and
Happy mothers day images 2018 and
Happy mothers day quotes and
Happy mothers day quotes 2018 and
Happy mothers day wishes and
Happy mothers day wishes 2018 and
Happy mothers day pictures 2018 and
Happy mothers day 2018 and
mothers day messages
mothers day messages 2018
mothers day and
mothers day images and
mothers day images 2018 and
mothers day quotes and
mothers day quotes 2018 and
mothers day wishes and
mothers day wishes 2018 and
mothers day pictures 2018 and
mothers day 2018 and
mothers day messages

4th of july facts said...

Whats up very cool site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your site and take the feeds additionally? I’m happy to seek out numerous useful info here within the submit, we’d like work out extra strategies on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .


Halloween Captions 2018
Happy Halloween Captions For Facebook
Halloween Captions Images
Halloween Captions And Sayings
Halloween Captions And Short Poems

4th of july facts said...

Spot on with this write-up, I actually think this website needs far more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read more, thanks for the info!


Funny Halloween Quotes 2018
Funny Halloween Quotes For Facebook
Funny Halloween Quotes Images
Funny Halloween Quotes And Greetings
Funny Halloween Quotes For Status

4th of july facts said...

After looking at a number of the blog articles on your site, I seriously like your way of blogging. I added it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back in the near future.


Free Halloween Coloring Pages 2018
Free Halloween Coloring Pages For Facebook
Halloween Coloring Pages 2018
Happy Halloween Coloring Pgaes Download
Happy Halloween Coloring Pages HD

4th of july facts said...

I all the time used to study paragraph in news papers but now as I am a user of web thus from now I am using net for content, thanks to web.


Happy Halloween Quotes 2018
Happy Halloween Quotes For Facebook
Halloween Quotes 2018
Happy Halloween Quotes For Status
Happy Halloween Quotes Images

Harsh008 said...

Cool blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog stand out. Please let me know where you got your theme. Cheers

Happy Veterans Day Quotes 2018
Happy Veterans Day Quotes For Facebook
Veterans Day Quotes 2018
Happy Veterans Day Quotes For Status
Happy Veterans Day Quotes Images

Harsh008 said...

I read this paragraph completely regarding the difference of hottest and earlier technologies, it’s awesome article

Happy Veterans Day Pictures 2018
Happy Veterans Day Pictures For Facebook
Veterans Day Pictures 2018
Happy Veterans Day Pictures Free Download
Happy Veterans Day Pictures HD

Harsh008 said...


It’s actually a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m happy that you shared this useful info with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.

Happy Veterans Day Images 2018
Happy Veterans Day Images For Facebook
Veterans Day Images 2018
Happy Veterans Day Images Free Download
Happy Veterans Day Images HD

Harsh008 said...

I’m truly enjoying the design and layout of your blog. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more pleasant for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a developer to create your theme? Exceptional work!


Happy Veterans Day Pics 2018
Happy Veterans Day Pics For Facebook
Veterans Day Pics 2018
Happy Veterans Day Pics Free Download
Happy Veterans Day Pics HD

Harsh008 said...

Whats up very cool site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your site and take the feeds additionally? I’m happy to seek out numerous useful info here within the submit, we’d like work out extra strategies on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .

Happy Veterans Day Images 2018
Happy Veterans Day Images For Facebook
Veterans Day Images 2018
Happy Veterans Day Images Free Download
Happy Veterans Day Images HD

Anonymous said...

Thanks for such a great article here. I was searching for something like this for quite a long time and at last I’ve found it on your blog. It was definitely interesting for me to read about their market situation nowadays.iot certification chennai | iot training courses in chennai | iot training institutes in chennai | industrial iot training chennai

Rithi Rawat said...

Outstanding blog thanks for sharing such wonderful blog with us ,after long time came across such knowlegeble blog. keep sharing such informative blog with us.

best training insitute for machine learning
best machine learning institutes in chennai
artificial intelligence and machine learning course in chennai
machine learning classroom training in chennai

roskey said...

I blog quite often and I seriously thank you for your content. This great article has truly peaked my interest. I am going to take a note of your site and keep checking for new information about once per week. I opted in for your Feed as well

Happy Valentines Day Images 2019
Happy Valentines Day Gif For Facebook
Happy Valentines Day Pictures For Facebook
Happy Valentines Day Clipart For Facebook
Happy Valentines Day Poems For Facebook

nandhu said...



tutuapp vip
tutuapp apk
tutu app apk
tutuapp install
tutuapp download
Another similar app to tutuapp is Blackmart Alpha.

roskey said...

I think the admin of this web site is in fact working hard for his site, since here every material is quality based information.

Happy Rose Day Images And Quotes 2019
Happy Purpose Day Images And Quotes Free Download
Happy Chocolate Day Images And Quotes Free Download
Happy Teddy Day Images And Quotes Free Download
Happy Promise Day Images And Quotes Free Download

roskey said...

Spot on with this write-up, I actually think this website needs far more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read more, thanks for the info!

Happy Valentines Day Images 2019
Happy Valentines Day Quotes
Happy Valentines Day Gif Free Download
Happy Valentines Day Messages For Facebook
Short Valentines Day Sayings For Facebook

apkmabbu said...

apkmabbu.com
happy chick apk
wifi kill apk
ogwhatsapp apk
fmwhatsapp apk
dj liker apk
spotify premium apk
mobdro apk
wifi master key

roskey said...

I’m excited to find this page. I wanted to thank you for ones time due to this wonderful read!! I definitely savored every bit of it and I have you book marked to see new stuff in your web site.
Good Morning Quotes 2019 With hd Images
Good Morning Quotes 2019 For Whatsapp
Good Morning Quotes 2019 In English
Good Morning Quotes 2019 For BF

No said...

lucky patcher apk download

acmarket said...

In love with this post.
Thankyou for the information.
please do download the latest apk for free from our site.



apkmabbu.com
blackmart alpha apk
gbwhatsapp apk
lucky patcher apk
acmarket apk
live nettv apk
shareit apk

acmarket said...

im very much impressed with the site .
Thankyou for the information you have provided.
Kindly download the acmarket apk file below.



Ac Market
Acmarket apk
Ac market install
Ac market for ios
Ac market for pc
Ac Market downloading
Ac Market download
download Ac Market
Ac Market latest version
Ac Market 2019


harshak said...

tutuapp accompanies the bundle of a lot of tutuapp apk with highlight stacked and gives an extra and helpful element which upgrades the client experience, as it is free of expense.

Anirudh said...

Hi, I am Anirudh. I am a Fashiom Blogger by profession. Click the link to know about Aula Fran.

Unknown said...

hi this is an intresting articles read this and share this articles ....
pinoytvz.su

customers said...



Whataburger Survey

Unknown said...

Download latest version of

Blackmart
Blackmart for PC
Blackmart for iPhone

and

Tutuapp
Tutuapp for PC
Tutuapp for iPhone

cmtech said...

cam on ban vi thong tin bai viet rat co ich cho toi
http://cmtech.com.vn/

cmtech said...

"""i like this. thanks you
báo giá cửa cỗ công nghiệp hdf"""

Anonymous said...

Lampung
Lampung
Apple
youtube.com
youtube.com
vivo
Lampung
Lampung

آدم said...

شركة رش مبيدات شمال الرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة حشرات بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة الصراصير بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة الفئران بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة النمل الاسود بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة حشرات بالخرج
افضل شركة مكافحة الوزغ بالرياض
افضل شركة مكافحة الحمام بالرياض

harikrishh said...

Spotify Premium APK is one online music streaming application where you can easily interact with all the songs that are existing in the music industry.

https://spotifypremiumapk.mobi
Spotify Premium
Spotify Premium APK
spotify premium apk ios
spotify downloader apk
spotify premium download

Anonymous said...

ninonurmadi
Lampung
Jakarta
Lampung
Jakarta
iMo
Handphone
Service
Kursus

teez said...

national dog day adoption
national dog day contest
national dog day clip art

Rude Bano said...

download clash of null apk private server.

Rude Bano said...

4liker a tool for facebook and instagram auto liker.

Admin said...

The Best App Store to get paid and premium apps free is TutuApp APK For iOS And Android Both version are available.
Tutu App
TutuApp Download
TutuApp Lite

Butt Kushboo said...

thank You for This one make article
Read More
!

Unknown said...

You can say that the stories of pinoy channels is really too interesting as well as easy to understood that can be watched with family and friends
welcom to website
cửa cuốn
báo giá cửa cuốn
giá cửa cuốn
kích thước cửa cuốn
cửa cuốn giá rẻ

yowhatsapp said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
revdl said...


https://www.revdlfree.com/ for best apps and games free download apk revdl

spotify mod apk get download spotify for every mobile
uTorrent Pro APK Free Download get download utorrent for every mobile
https://revdlfree.com/gb-whatsapp-2019-apk-download-latest-version-free/ get download whatsapp for every mobile
https://revdlfree.com/revdl-gta-5-apk-obb-grand-theft-auto-v-2019/ get download gta 5 for every mobile
pubg apk get download pubg for every mobile
whatsapp plus v7.30 apk get download pubg for every mobile

Patell Priya said...


Superb efforts, I really appreciate your excellent post and Thank you...! Well done.
Job Openings in Chennai
Job Opportunities in chennai
Pega Training in Chennai
Oracle Training in Chennai
Embedded System Course Chennai
Linux Training in Chennai
Unix Training in Chennai
Power BI Training in Chennai
Excel Training in Chennai
Tableau Training in Chennai

rocky said...

it was nice seeing your blog. You have covered each and everything in detail.Thanks for sharing such nice and informative post.
berlin marathon Entry

Livetrendnews said...

Great post I really enjoy this awesome post.
Riyaz Aly Affairs
Reem Sameer Shaikh Age

pubg mobile said...




Excellent Blog! I would like to thank for the efforts you have made in writing this post. I am hoping the same best work from you in the future as well.
I wanted to thank you for this websites! Thanks for sharing. Great websites!

Pubg APK Pubg Mobile APK
Pubg
Pubg Download
Download Pubg Mobile
Pubg Mobile Download

pubg mobile said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
wendajuanda said...

jayabola
depoqq
indobola88
dinastybet

KBC Lottery 2020 said...

Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon on a daily basis. It will always be interesting to read through content from other writers and practice a little something from other KBC Game Show websites.

jorge montiel said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Legitimate Custom Research Paper Services said...

It is normal for students to be anxious about hiring an online professional Legitimate Custom Research Paper Services Provider because they can never be sure whether they can get high-quality affordable Custom Research Paper Services and the right Research Paper Assistance Services or not.

cmtech said...

This article is great for me. I will share it with my friends. Thank you
cổng xoay 3 càng

Unknown said...

Thank you so much!!
Short Christmas Wishes
Christmas Wishes for Boss 2020
New Year Wishes in Hindi

Unknown said...

I am always searching like this type blog post. I hope I will see again

báo giá cửa cuốn
giá cửa cuốn
cửa cuốn giá rẻ
cửa lùa gỗ
cửa cuốn kéo tay

Unknown said...

Happy New Year 2020

In this detailed article, the readers will be showered with everything related to the New Year’s Event of 2020 such As New Year Wishes and Greeting to wish their friend and family, New Year Resolution Ideas, New Year Quotes, Pictures, Status, New Year Countdown moment information, and much more.
Happy New Year Wishes
Happy New Year Quotes

Baalkrishan said...

We offer many sayings that are related to New year’s eve. These quotes make people take it as inspiration at the start of a new year beginning. Happy New Year 2020 Animated Gif helps you begin a new journey with love and affection to all the people surrounded by you. Happy new year 2020 provides information that is helpful in life.

Broke said...

Royal Rumble 2020 results
Royal Rumble 2020 live stream
Royal Rumble live streaming


WWE Royal Rumble 2020 results
WWE Royal Rumble Live
Watch Royal Rumble Live Stream

karan singh said...

Happy New Year 2020 Images
Happy New Year Pictures 2020

Shazia Mughal said...

Hi, constantly i used to check weblog posts here in the early hours in the morning, because i like to find out more and more. Beyhadh 2 Full Episode

Kristen said...

tutuapp

Rahul Aniket said...

downloadhub in new movie

Unknown said...


Australian Open Tennis 2020, the first grand slam Tennis Tournament of the year. Australian Open is set to kick off from 20 January at Melbourne Park.

Jamish said...

Spotify APk provides you the music from the whole world. And it provides your's best and favorite music online and offline mode. Download Spotify APK

Cricky said...



PSl 2020 is nearly to coming in pakistan in February 20. The most awaited and the Popuplar event that is gonna be start. So Get ready and enjoy all the pakistan super laegaue live streaming, schedule, fixture and the other teams details. You can watch all the match updates and the Online ball by ball updates.

Psl live streaming 2020

Tausili Logoleo said...

his blog is worth to read. Keep sharing this kind of post in the future. I’m also an author. So if you have time, I invite you to have a look at my site



https://fitgadgetsreviews.blogspot.com/
https://homesmartreviews.blogspot.com/
https://homeimprovementgadget.blogspot.com/
https://reviewsbestheadphones.blogspot.com/
https://smartphonesguider.blogspot.com/
https://smartyourwatch.blogspot.com/
https://militarygradegadgets.blogspot.com/
https://homeelectricaltools.blogspot.com/
https://militarytechtools.blogspot.com/
https://thefitnessgadgets.blogspot.com/

Vnd Plastico said...

Nice Article
PVDF Pump Manufacturers
PP Pump Manufacturers
Acid Pump Manufacturers
Centrifugal Chemical Process Pump Manufacturers
Polypropylene Pump Manufacturers

Coba Gabung Games Online said...

bandar slot online terbesar
bandar judi online terpercaya
info dan panduan cara bermain judi online
Livechat pakarbet
Judi Roulette Online

virgoacp said...

Wow!!! A great insightful & informative content on ACP Board. Virgo Group is the largest providers of best in class leading facade materials and more & having years of experience in manufacturing Premium ACP Sheet. We aim to deliver excellence and ensure maximum worth for our clients’ money and so we provide you with the best hpl sheet.

tech bosa said...

An impressive share! I've just forwarded this onto a coworker who was doing a little research on this. And he actually bought me lunch because I discovered it for him... lol. So allow me to reword this.... Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending time to talk about this issue here on your web site.
Click here to get More information.

rightselects said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
رواد الحرمين said...

عزل اسطح بالدمام لحماية وزيادة عمر الخزان الافتراضي.

شركه عزل فوم بالدمام عزل فوم بعنيزة هو افضل انواع العوازل فى الفترة الاخيرة المستخدم فى حماية الأسطح من الرطوبة العالية وتسربات المياه.
شركه كشف تسربات المياه بالاحساء

Rayhan Khan NYC said...

How to watch Wilder vs Fury 2
Wilder vs Fury 2
How to watch Wilder vs Fury 2 live stream online
Wilder vs Fury 2 Live

Unknown said...

Thanks for this blog are more informative contents step by step. I here by attached my site would you see this blog.

7 tips to start a career in digital marketing

“Digital marketing is the marketing of product or service using digital technologies, mainly on the Internet, but also including mobile phones, display advertising, and any other digital medium”. This is the definition that you would get when you search for the term “Digital marketing” in google. Let’s give out a simpler explanation by saying, “the form of marketing, using the internet and technologies like phones, computer etc”.

we have offered to the advanced syllabus course digital marketing for available join now

more details click the link now.

https://www.webdschool.com/digital-marketing-course-in-chennai.html

Shazia Mughal said...

This is very Amazing and Very Informative Artical we get alot of Informations from this artical we really appreciate your team work keep it up and keep posting such a informative articles...Kasauti Zindagi Ki

Tiger Phil said...

You can watch players Championship live on Sky Sports Golf. Specific times will be updated prior to the event.

Unknown said...

Behind This Modern World, There Is Another World That Is Called Internet World. If You Want To Watch Kentucky Derby 2020 Online Without A Cable, You Have To Find The Online Accessible Channels.

Unknown said...

There are many media streaming services that you can subscribe to watch masters 2020 right through your favorite smart device. The beauty of the system is that you can attend the tournament anywhere you want.

Unknown said...


Masters 2020 Live is one of the four biggest national golf competition that takes place in the country. This is also the first of such big competition and it always takes place around April of every year.

Unknown said...

ESPN + has live streaming rights to show UFC 249 and all upcoming UFC Fight Nights. ESPN + is already known for hosting large tennis, football, and boxing matches.

Jack sparrow said...



That is nice article from you , this is informative stuff . Hope more articles from you . I also want to share some information about redhat openstack training and mainframe tutorial videos

careynicola36 said...

open config file download
tif file viewer
programs to open cfg files

joedenly638 said...

how to open json file in android
how to open key file in android
how to open dat file in android

Unknown said...

how do i convert a prn file to pdf
how to play mkv files on android
how to read hex file

dfsss said...

I have Learned Big Lesson from you Post thanks for this Interesting post. On this Website Avilabe Colors Tv , Star plus and Zee Tv and Sony Tv All Latest Episode Uploaded You Can see here and Bookmarked this website for long time see All Episode

Beyhadh 2 Sony Tv Episode

dfsss said...

Adobe Photoshop CC 2020 Crack + Torrent. Adobe Photoshop CC Serial Key. Adobe Photoshop CC Crack is the most widely too used Adobe Photoshop CC Serial Key. Adobe Photoshop CC Crack: It is the world's best-known software with advanced editing tools for editing
https://procrackch.com/adobe-photoshop-crack-activation-key/

Unknown said...

One World Together At Home Live
One World Together At Home Live Stream
Watch One World Together At Home Online
Together At Home Concert Live
Together At Home Concert Live Stream
Watch Together At Home Concert Online




The Last Dance Online
Watch The Last Dance Online
Stream The Last Dance Online
The Last Dance Streaming Online

Excelr Tuhin said...

xemeneies

المتوكل على الله said...




شركة رش مبيدات بالرياض
افضل شركة رش دفان بالرياض
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالرياض
شركة مكافحة الحمام بالرياض

akshaya said...

Your article seems to be the cream of the crop, where it furnishes all the required information for its readers. I see your write-up as a well researched article.
Web Designing Course Training in Chennai | Web Designing Course Training in annanagar | Web Designing Course Training in omr | Web Designing Course Training in porur | Web Designing Course Training in tambaram | Web Designing Course Training in velachery


Anirban Ghosh said...

I had to read this three times because I wanted to be sure on some of your points. I agree on almost everything here, and I am impressed with how well you wrote this article.
SAP training in Kolkata
SAP training Kolkata
Best SAP training in Kolkata
SAP course in Kolkata
SAP training institute Kolkata

Outsourcinghubindia said...

Nice Post written by you and anybody can understand what you want to describe about.
AP Outsourcing
Accounting for Real Estate
Property Accountant
Lease Abstraction

Anonymous said...

python training in bangalore

sathya said...

Pretty article! I found some useful information in your blog, it was awesome to read, thanks for sharing this great content to my vision, keep sharing.. Need to learn Software Testing Services

Selenium Training in Chennai | Certification | Online Courses

selenium training in chennai

selenium training in chennai

selenium online training in chennai

selenium training in bangalore

selenium training in hyderabad

selenium training in coimbatore

selenium online training

College World Series said...

US Open Tennis 2020 Live is here. If you are a tennis fan, you are just waiting to watch this year’s US Open Tennis tournament. Don’t worry folks, this article is for you. Here you can know almost everything about the tournament.

Unknown said...

Watch the PGA Championship Golf 2020 live on FuboTV. It is one of the popular platforms for sports lovers. There is a wide range of channels dedicated to sports. It offers 4 packs from which you can choose anyone.

sexytube. said...

sexytube is the world's leading free porn site. Choose from millions of hardcore videos that ... https://sexytube.org.uk/. Menu. 18 Year old Teen · Anal · BIG ASS · big ...

Unknown said...

download movie here for tamilrockers tamilrockers

SARKARI RESULT

Unknown said...

SUCH AS GOOD CONTENT THANKS FOR ALL tamilrockersSARKARI RESULT

kirankumarpaita said...

software testing company in India
software testing company in Hyderabad
Thanks for sharing such a great information with us.
Keep sharing this kind of post in the future also.

anns said...


Valentine's cards are often decorated with images of hearts, red roses or Cupid. Common Valentine's Day gifts are flowers chocolates, candy, lingerie and champagne or sparkling wine and give Valentine's day Gifts.

360digiTMG Training said...

This is an excellent post I seen thanks to share it. It is really what I wanted to see hope in future you will continue for sharing such a excellent post.
Best Digital Marketing Institute in Hyderabad

jhansi said...


Hadoop is an open-source software framework for storing data and running applications on clusters of commodity hardware. It provides massive storage for any kind of data, enormous processing power and the ability to handle virtually limitless concurrent tasks or jobs.
tally training in chennai

hadoop training in chennai

sap training in chennai

oracle training in chennai

angular js training in chennai

Verify Customer Identity said...

Right now id verification service is quite popular amongst folks. There are lots of id verification methods that one can obtain on a trustworthy site titled Trust Swiftly, and a firm can implement the methods to secure their own web business ideally. By going to this particular https://trustswiftly.com/ site, you can grab details of id verification service.

Verify Customer Identity said...

These days, id verification service is greater in preference. One will receive many verification methods on a dependable platform named Trust Swiftly, plus all systems supply better security to any business online. When you pay a visit to this specific https://trustswiftly.com/ internet site, you will get a lot more information about id verification service.

Joee to Marveen said...

Here are the details...

https://klientboost.blogspot.com/2020/10/how-can-marketing-boost-business.html

Sapna Rajput said...

**Hello my dear !!! I'm Kunjan and I want to thank you for visiting my profile. My City Escort Services are TOP quality and I can guarantee your satisfaction. The reason is that I do City Escort job with pleasure and I enjoy every part of it. With my beautiful lips, big deep eyes, and brown soft skin you can turn your dreams into reality!!! My pictures are recent, I'm Real and I don't waste time to hang out with this Sexy City Escort. Take a break from your stressful lifestyles and enjoy a relaxing time with me. I promise you, all the moments spend with me will make you come back for more. Sometimes I can be crazy and evil as hell!! I'm 100% independent!! Give me a call anytime will be fun and nice for both of us! as a City Call Girl.
Jabalpur Escort Service !!
Sagar Escort Service !!
Rewa Escort Service !!
Vidisha Escort Service !!
Dewas Escort Service !!
Murwara Escort Service !!
Singrauli Escort Service !!
Burhanpur Escort Service !!
Khandwa Escort Service !!
Bhind Escort Service !!

Admin said...

Thank You for providing us with such an insightful information through this blog.
sarkariresults

Kamal Singh said...

A nice blog has been shared by you. before I read this blog I didn't have any knowledge about this but now I got some knowledge so keep on sharing such kind of interesting blogs. Excellent blog admin. This is what I have looked at. Check out the following links for QA services:-

Software Testing Services Company in India

Alexa Huang said...

Idn Live Terbaik
Agen Togel Terpercaya, Bandar Togel Terpercaya
Situs Togel Terpercaya
Togel Online Terbaik
Bandar togel Terbaik
data keluaran sgp, result sgp, data sgp, data paito sgp

Group Link said...

Thank you so much for this post. You are realy my Boss and I have learned many things from You. This is the Best Site and I will recommend to everyone to visit regularly here. Can You give a Job here Please?
whatsapp group link girl india
Shivaji Maharaj Whatsapp Group Link

Happy said...

This web-site is actually a walk-through like the data it suited you about it and didn’t know who to question. Glimpse here, and you’ll absolutely discover it.
happy new year 2022 wishes

Bihar Govt Jobs Portal said...

Awesome blog. I enjoyed reading your articles. This is truly a great read for me. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work.

https://sarkari-info.com/job-for-west-bengal/
https://anganwadijobs.com/ssc-full-form-in-hindi-2021-22/
https://anganwadijobs.com/rip-ka-full-form-in-hindi/
https://sarkari-info.com/texco-current-vacancy/
https://sarkari-info.com/delhi-driver-yojana-2021-apply-online/

Admin said...


Sarkari Results - We provide information about Government Jobs, Bank Jobs, Private Jobs, Exam Results, Admit Cards, Syllabus, Previous Papers, Current Affairs, etc.

Bihar Govt Jobs Portal said...

https://sarkari-info.com/csir-immt-recruitment-2021-scientist-principal-scientist/
https://sarkari-info.com/apssb-chsl-various-post-recruitment-2021/
https://sarkari-info.com/delhi-driver-yojana-2021-apply-online/
https://anganwadijobs.com/rip-ka-full-form-in-hindi/
https://sarkari-info.com/e-district-mp-portal-online-service/

Bihar Govt Jobs Portal said...

Very useful and informative content has been shared out here, Thanks for sharing it <a href=" https://sarkari-info.com/csir-immt-recruitment-2021-scientist-principal-scientist/
https://sarkari-info.com/apssb-chsl-various-post-recruitment-2021/
https://sarkari-info.com/delhi-driver-yojana-2021-apply-online/
https://anganwadijobs.com/rip-ka-full-form-in-hindi/

Unknown said...

waist trainer helps plus size and fatty womens to hide their extra body fat and look slimmer. Waist trainer also use to control lower belly and back fat . they can be wear under clothes during different functions and aslo used during workout for back support. they are the best choice to get hour glass body shape.

Unknown said...

Waist trainers are used to control tummy and back fat. It helps to reduce the fat from the lower belly and love handles. These trainer belts can be wear under clothes and reduce tummy fat within few days. Waist trainers are comfortable enough to wear during workout that boost your fat lose process.

Bihar Govt Jobs Portal said...

Your Site is very nice, UPPSC Vacancy and it's very helping us this post is unique and interesting, MP Staff Nurse thank you for sharing this awesome information. Haryana Admit Card and visit our blog site also e-Pauti Odisha

Latest Seo Tips And Blogger Tips Tricks said...

Hello, i think that i saw you visited my site so i came to “return the
favor”.I am trying to find things to improve my website!I
suppose its ok to use a few of your ideas!!

whatsapp group link girl india
Online Whatsapp Group Link
happy new year 2022 Images
New Mobile Accessories

Nictcspbc said...

Thanks for sharing such a great information but we are India's best service provider of SBI Kiosk Banking - NICTCSPBC

sbi kiosk
kiosk banking
kiosk banking sbi
sbi kiosk online
sbi csp registration
csp registration

Shaimaa Elsadek said...


شركة تنظيف منازل بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف مكيفات بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة حمام بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة صراصير بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالاحساء

Javi002 said...

Thank you for this article this information is very useful for me. Check the new UK lottery result is all about the recent result
thunderball

Javi002 said...

Hello thanks for sharing this. Also check the uk lottery result.
thunderball results

Vipul Singh said...

Great article for me, thanks for the cognitive information.
ENT Doctor in Meerut
Top English Medium School in Meerut
digital marketing course in meerut
Website Designing Company in Meerut
Jaina Jeweller in Meerut
SEO Services Provider

آدم said...

شركة تنظيف منازل بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف مكيفات بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف موكيت بالاحساء
شركة تنظيف خزانات بالاحساء
--------------------
شركة رش مبيدات بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة حشرات بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة الصراصير بالاحساء
شركة مكافحة النمل الابيض بالاحساء

Sanjay Sharma said...

Find all information about
Sarkari Result, Rojgar Result, Sarkari Exam, SarkariResult 2021
for Banking, Railway Naukari, Public Sector, Research Sarkari Naukri 2018

parsanbiz said...


PARSAN is providing an entire range of services in the field of Pipeline leak Detection , Gravity & magnetic surveys which provides the best services of Pipeline Leak Detection and detected the problem of Pipeline Leakage in India.

Jamie Starr said...

I am sure this piece of writing has touched all the internet users, its a really nice article on building up new blog. You can check out novena prayer for the dead

praise said...

Luxy Dating App
Manok Na Pula Mod Apk Max Level
Sologenic Airdrop Binance
Julibet Online Games
KV Online Fee Payment
Fleet Management Software
Van Tracker Fleet Solutions
Uber Eats Promo Code 2022

CLICKME said...

Hey there! Someone in my Myspace group shared this site with us so I came to look it over.

바카라사이트
야설
립카페
스포츠마사지
안마

Unknown said...

Result 2022 - Are you getting handy information to prepare for government exams. Are you facing any kind of problem in preparing for your competitive exams? If you have doubts related to exam results and government exams? For all these information, you visit My Sarkari Result Service Provider

Also Visit
mysarkariresult.co.in

Devin Karlson said...

Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog, really nice required information & the things i never imagined and i would request, wright more blog and blog post like that for us. If you are looking for Setting up delaware limited liability corporation So, you can connect to E-Delaware.

Diamondexch said...

To distinguish between games of skill and world777 games of chance, Indian courts use the dominating factor or predominance test. It ultimately boils down to whether aspect — skill or chance — is the most important in determining the game's outcome.

Unknown said...

It’s good to check this kind of website. I think I would so much from you. data science training in mysore

up board sarkari result said...

My sarkari result is one of the best job website in all over India. Our team provides you all the information about 100% genuine government jobs and sarkari exams for 10th pass. You have to visit our website to get all updates about all job updates, employment result, admit card, syllabus

sowmya said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
kumar said...

You really make it look so natural with your exhibition however I see this issue as really something which I figure I could never understand. It appears to be excessively entangled and incredibly expansive for me.data analytics course

Data science course said...

It has lessened the load on the people as it works on the data patterns that minimize the data volume.data science course in ghaziabad

filmy007 said...

Latest Sarkari Naukri Result . Get All Latest Government Jobs Notification, Sarkari Naukri Result, Admit Card, Answer Key Etc

Repute Agency said...

Nice article.
Best Website Development Company in Coimbatore

hindiexamalert said...

if anyone is going for downloading any movies from Movie4me and 7StarHD
then you should read this article it may be helpful for you and its very important for your safety

naresh said...

Hi.

Thanks for sharing this information, this blog was gives good information about software technology and Fear & loathing in functional testing now using ai tools it is using simple, thanks for sharing this information.

Here is sharing some CUDA Program information may be its helpful to you.

CUDA Program Training

naresh said...

Thank you for sharing such a great information, that it's an amazing post to read and learn something new
Here is sharing some Oracle Project Accounting information may be its helpful to you.

Oracle Project Accounting Training

NJMC said...

www.NJMCDirect.com is an online traffic ticket payment portal to make the ticket payment to NJ Municipal Courts of New Jersey. pay ticket online new jersey - pay ticket online new jersey

Janet R. Mack said...

Navigating the challenges of functional testing resonates with many, and your candid exploration adds a relatable touch. As an Online Exam Help USA - Online Exam Takers In The USA, I appreciate the honesty in acknowledging more questions than answers. The shared struggle with data fixtures and testing intricacies creates a sense of solidarity. Your willingness to admit uncertainty fosters a learning environment, which is valuable for fellow online exam takers grappling with their own complexities. It's a refreshing perspective, encouraging collaborative problem-solving within the online learning community.

naresh said...

Nice Post! I appreciate you providing this lovely content because it was enjoyable to read and helped me stay informed. Please continue blogging. Here I’m sharing Similar blog for you InformaticaPowerCenter Training

Bharathi said...

Hii

Thank you for the informative article. I'm glad you enjoyed the content and found it informative. Your encouragement motivates us to continue blogging, and we appreciate your ongoing support. Here is sharing some Alteryx Certification Training information may be its helpful to you.

Alteryx Certification Training